Pennsylvania Keystone Biology Item and Scoring Sampler—September 2021
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BiologyMODULE2
Responses That Will Receive Credit
Part A (1 point):
• Mendel’s “factors” are what we now call “alleles.” We now know that alleles are found on
chromosomes and that, in each cell of an individual, one set of chromosomes is from the
mother and one set is from the father. So for each trait, an individual inherits one allele for
that trait from the mother and one from the father.
• We now know that meiosis occurs to make sex cells that have one set of chromosomes and
therefore one allele (or factor) for each trait. When the sex cells fuse in sexual reproduction,
the offspring has inherited one set of chromosomes from each parent and therefore one
allele for each trait from each parent.
• We know that a dominant trait is often caused by having an allele that codes for a protein
that is functional and a recessive trait is caused by having only recessive alleles that code
for a nonfunctional protein (or that are not transcribed).
Part B (2 points, 1 point for each of two examples):
• Traits that show incomplete dominance are not explained by Mendel’s conclusions.
In incomplete dominance, heterozygotes have a phenotype that is like a blend of the
“recessive” and “dominant” phenotypes (e.g., displays an intermediate coloration between
the dominant color and recessive color, such as red flower color, pink flower color, and
white flower color for a species of plant).
• Traits that show codominance are not explained by Mendel’s conclusions. In codominance,
heterozygotes have a phenotype that displays both the “recessive” and “dominant”
phenotypes (e.g., a black rooster and white hen have “checkered” offspring).
• In males, sex-linked traits are not determined by the inheritance of two factors, since they
have only one X chromosome, which they inherit from their mother.
• Some traits have more than two possible forms because there are more than two possible
alleles that affect that trait. This is “multiple allele” inheritance, and examples are blood type
(in the ABO blood group system) and feather color in pigeons.
• Some traits are caused by more than one gene and have several possible phenotypes.
These are polygenic traits (or quantitative characters). Examples are eye color, hair color,
skin color, height, etc.
• Some traits are primarily determined by one gene, but can be affected by a second gene.
So the phenotype is determined by the genotypes of both genes. This is called epistasis.
For example, B_C_ mice are gray, bbC_ mice are brown, and B_cc and bbcc mice are
white.
• Some traits are caused by a chromosomal abnormality or chromosomal mutation, in which
a chromosome or section of a chromosome is either missing or there is an extra copy.
These traits are not caused by only two alleles.
• Some traits are affected by environment and genes, so the phenotype is not solely
dependent on the genotype. In these cases, the phenotype is affected by diet or exposure
to sunlight or soil pH, etc.